Gastroenterologyimmune checkpoint inhibitorsimmunotherapy resistance
Extracellular Vesicles as Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers Predicting Immune Checkpoint Therapy Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
By MedXY|Aug 9, 2026
Circulating extracellular vesicles carrying PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 can non-invasively predict responses and early resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, improving patient stratification and managem
