Article Structure
This article is organized to mirror how clinicians typically appraise practice-relevant trial analyses: clinical background and unmet need; study design and analytic framework; detailed efficacy and safety findings; interpretation in the context of CKM syndrome biology, prior finerenone evidence, and guideline relevance; limitations and generalizability; and a concise clinical bottom line.
Highlights
In a post hoc pooled analysis of the FIDELITY trials, finerenone reduced cardiovascular and kidney events consistently across cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome stages 2 through 4 in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
Patients classified as CKM stage 4 had substantially higher baseline risk than those with stage 2, yet relative treatment effects of finerenone were preserved, resulting in larger absolute cardiovascular rate reductions in the highest-risk group.
Beyond event reduction, finerenone was associated with more CKM syndrome regression and less CKM progression over 3 years, suggesting a broader disease-modifying effect across the heart-kidney-metabolic axis.
The analysis reinforces finerenone as a cardiorenal therapy rather than a kidney-only drug, while also underscoring the limitations inherent to post hoc stage classification and progression analyses.
Background
CKM syndrome is a recently formalized framework from the American Heart Association that integrates adiposity, metabolic disease, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease into a single continuum of risk. The construct reflects a clinical reality long recognized in practice: obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, CKD, heart failure, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality are deeply interdependent. For clinicians, the appeal of CKM staging is that it encourages earlier recognition of multisystem risk and selection of therapies that can modify more than one organ pathway at a time.
Finerenone is a selective, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that differs pharmacologically from steroidal agents such as spironolactone and eplerenone. Mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation contributes to inflammation and fibrosis in both the kidney and cardiovascular system. In prior phase 3 trials, finerenone improved kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD who were already receiving maximally tolerated renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Those findings established finerenone as an important addition to cardiorenal risk reduction strategies.
What remained uncertain was whether the benefits of finerenone could be meaningfully interpreted through the newer CKM syndrome lens. That question matters because CKM staging may help identify which patients derive the greatest absolute benefit, and whether therapy has the potential not only to prevent discrete events but also to alter the trajectory of syndrome severity over time.
Study Design and Methods
Parent trial platform
This report is a post hoc pooled analysis from FIDELITY, which integrates patient-level data from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials: FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD. Both enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes and CKD across 48 countries. Participants had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 25 mL/min/1.73 m2, serum potassium of 4.8 mmol/L or less, and were receiving maximally tolerated renin-angiotensin system inhibitor therapy.
Population and CKM stage classification
The pooled cohort included 12,990 participants, with a mean age of 64.8 years. Women comprised 30% of the cohort and men 70%. Using American Heart Association criteria, participants were retrospectively classified into CKM syndrome stages. No patients were in the earliest CKM stages because entry into the original trials required established type 2 diabetes and CKD. The distribution was therefore concentrated in more advanced disease: 3,864 patients in CKM stage 2, 3,275 in stage 3, and 5,851 in stage 4.
This stage distribution is clinically important. It confirms that the FIDELITY population represents a moderate-to-high-risk CKM group rather than a screening population with early metabolic dysfunction. Any inferences therefore apply primarily to patients with established diabetic kidney disease and not to those with obesity or prediabetes alone.
Intervention and comparators
Participants were randomly assigned to finerenone or placebo on top of standard care. Because this is a pooled analysis of randomized trials, treatment allocation remained protected from the bias typical of purely observational comparisons, although the CKM-stage subgroup analyses themselves were post hoc.
Endpoints
The cardiovascular composite endpoint was cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. The kidney composite endpoint was kidney failure, a sustained decrease in eGFR of 57% or more from baseline over at least 4 weeks, or death from kidney failure.
The investigators also examined CKM syndrome progression and regression over time, an exploratory analysis that extends beyond traditional time-to-first-event outcomes and attempts to capture changes in overall syndrome stage.
Key Results
Baseline CKM stage strongly stratified risk
As would be expected, more advanced CKM stage identified patients with markedly higher event rates. After a median follow-up of 3 years, CKM stage 4 was associated with significantly greater risk of both cardiovascular and kidney outcomes compared with stage 2. The adjusted hazard ratio for cardiovascular events was 1.87 (95% CI, 1.56-2.24), and for kidney events 1.96 (95% CI, 1.43-2.69). These gradients support the clinical validity of CKM staging within a diabetic CKD population: stage 4 did not simply reflect a label, but a distinctly higher-risk phenotype.
Finerenone reduced cardiovascular events across CKM stages
The main clinical message is that finerenone lowered cardiovascular risk consistently across baseline CKM stages. The interaction P value was .86, indicating no evidence that the relative treatment effect differed meaningfully by stage. In practical terms, finerenone’s cardiovascular benefit appears preserved whether patients entered the study at stage 2, 3, or 4.
That said, absolute benefits varied by baseline risk. The absolute rate reduction for the cardiovascular composite was -1.1 per 100 person-years in CKM stage 4 versus -0.4 per 100 person-years in stage 2. This is a clinically familiar pattern: when relative risk reduction is similar across risk strata, the highest-risk patients often accrue the greatest absolute benefit. For clinicians making treatment decisions under cost, pill burden, and monitoring constraints, these data support particularly strong consideration of finerenone in advanced CKM phenotypes.
Kidney benefits were likewise consistent across stages
Finerenone also reduced kidney events irrespective of CKM stage, with a P for interaction of .65. Although the abstract does not provide stage-specific hazard ratios for the kidney outcome, the non-significant interaction suggests no convincing heterogeneity in relative efficacy. Given the biological role of mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation in renal inflammation and fibrosis, this consistency is mechanistically plausible.
From a translational perspective, the finding is important because CKM staging might have raised concern that once cardiovascular disease burden becomes more advanced, kidney-directed benefit could diminish. This analysis does not support that concern.
Potential disease-trajectory effects: CKM regression and progression
One of the most intriguing aspects of the analysis is the examination of CKM stage movement over time. After 3 years, patients assigned to finerenone were more likely to experience CKM syndrome regression than those assigned to placebo: 11.4% versus 7.4%, corresponding to an adjusted odds ratio of 1.66 (95% CI, 1.30-2.13; P < .001). Finerenone was also associated with less CKM progression, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79-1.00; P = .05).
These findings should be interpreted carefully. Regression and progression of a composite staging system are more exploratory than hard clinical endpoints, and the magnitude of benefit for progression was modest and statistically borderline. Even so, the directionality is coherent with finerenone’s broader cardiorenal effects. The results raise the possibility that therapy may shift patients toward a lower-risk CKM phenotype, not merely postpone isolated events.
Safety considerations
The abstract emphasizes efficacy and stage movement, but safety remains central whenever mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism is used in CKD. Prior finerenone trials showed an increased incidence of hyperkalemia compared with placebo, although serious hyperkalemia-related discontinuation and hospitalization rates were generally manageable with monitoring. The present abstract does not report stage-specific safety signals, so clinicians should avoid assuming that risk is identical across CKM strata. In practice, the need for potassium and renal function monitoring remains unchanged, especially in advanced CKD, in older adults, and in those receiving other potassium-raising therapies.
Clinical Interpretation
Why the CKM framework matters here
The CKM construct encourages clinicians to see diabetic CKD not as a renal complication in isolation but as a multisystem syndrome with overlapping pathways of inflammation, fibrosis, hemodynamic stress, and metabolic dysfunction. Finerenone fits that model well. Its benefits in this analysis spanned cardiovascular and kidney outcomes and were not confined to a single organ-specific endpoint. This is exactly the type of therapeutic profile the CKM concept was meant to highlight.
The larger absolute cardiovascular risk reduction in stage 4 is especially relevant to real-world practice. Advanced CKM patients are often already taking several disease-modifying therapies, including renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors when tolerated, statins, and antidiabetic therapies with cardiovascular benefit such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. The persistent benefit of finerenone on top of standard care suggests an additive role in high-risk residual risk management.
How these findings align with previous finerenone evidence
The original FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD programs established the dual kidney and cardiovascular efficacy of finerenone in type 2 diabetes with CKD. FIDELIO-DKD was more weighted toward kidney risk, while FIGARO-DKD had broader cardiovascular emphasis. FIDELITY provided a larger integrated dataset that strengthened confidence in the overall cardiorenal signal. The current CKM-stage analysis does not overturn those results; rather, it reframes them in a clinically contemporary taxonomy and suggests that the benefit is robust across a spectrum of advanced CKM disease.
This is particularly useful because the CKM framework may become increasingly relevant in guideline writing, population health planning, and risk communication. Treatments that consistently perform across CKM stages are likely to be prioritized in multidisciplinary care pathways.
Implications for practice
For patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD who meet labeling and guideline criteria, this analysis supports using finerenone regardless of whether the patient is categorized as CKM stage 2, 3, or 4. It also suggests that clinicians should not be reassured by a lower CKM stage into deferring therapy if other indications are present, because relative benefit appears preserved. Conversely, the greater absolute event reduction in stage 4 means that treatment urgency may be highest in the most advanced CKM patients, provided laboratory monitoring is feasible.
These data also reinforce a broader therapeutic principle: optimal CKM management is layered. Finerenone should be considered part of a suite of risk-modifying therapies rather than a stand-alone intervention. Blood pressure control, glycemic optimization, albuminuria reduction, SGLT2 inhibition where appropriate, lipid management, and heart failure-directed care remain essential.
Limitations
Several caveats are important. First, this was a post hoc analysis. Although treatment assignment was randomized in the parent trials, CKM staging and stage-transition analyses were not pre-specified primary efficacy assessments. Findings are therefore hypothesis-supportive rather than definitive for the CKM framework itself.
Second, the cohort was restricted to patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD already receiving renin-angiotensin system blockade, with serum potassium 4.8 mmol/L or less at baseline. Generalizability is limited for patients without diabetes, those with earlier CKM stages, those with more advanced kidney dysfunction below trial thresholds, or those at higher baseline hyperkalemia risk.
Third, the abstract does not provide granular stage-specific safety outcomes, nor does it detail how concomitant therapies such as SGLT2 inhibitors were distributed across CKM stages. Given evolving standards of care, understanding interaction with contemporary background therapy would be valuable.
Fourth, CKM regression and progression are conceptually attractive but depend on stage definitions that may be influenced by variables with different biological meanings and temporal dynamics. A shift in stage may not always equate to the same clinical significance as prevention of myocardial infarction, heart failure hospitalization, or kidney failure.
Expert Commentary
This analysis is best viewed as a clinically useful reinterpretation of an already positive evidence base rather than as a practice-changing trial on its own. Its strength lies in showing that finerenone’s benefit remains visible when patients are categorized according to a modern integrated risk framework. That supports the argument that finerenone targets shared cardiorenal biology, not just isolated renal disease progression.
The CKM framework may also help clinicians communicate risk more effectively to patients. A patient with type 2 diabetes, albuminuric CKD, and emerging cardiovascular disease often sees these as separate problems managed by different specialists. The CKM lens emphasizes that they are manifestations of one interconnected syndrome. Therapies like finerenone become easier to justify when presented as protecting both heart and kidney outcomes simultaneously.
Still, the field would benefit from prospective studies explicitly designed around CKM staging, including broader populations without diabetes and those treated with current multidrug regimens. Whether CKM stage regression translates into long-term reductions in mortality, disability, or healthcare utilization remains to be proven.
Conclusion
In this post hoc FIDELITY analysis, finerenone reduced cardiovascular and kidney events consistently across CKM syndrome stages 2 to 4 in patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD. More advanced CKM stage identified substantially higher baseline risk, which translated into greater absolute cardiovascular benefit in stage 4. Finerenone was also associated with more CKM regression and slightly less progression over time, suggesting a broader disease-modifying effect across the heart-kidney-metabolic axis.
For practicing clinicians, the message is pragmatic: in appropriately selected patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD, finerenone remains a relevant cardiorenal therapy across the CKM spectrum, with particular absolute value in higher-risk patients. Monitoring for hyperkalemia and renal function changes remains essential, and treatment should be integrated with other evidence-based CKM therapies.
Funding and Trial Registration
Parent trials were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02540993 and NCT02545049.
References
Lo KB, Ostrominski JW, Hamatani Y, Claggett BL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Filippatos G, Rossing P, Ruilope LM, Pitt B, Briasoulis A, Stamatelopoulos K, Brinker M, Schloemer P, Glasauer A, Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M. Finerenone Across Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages: Post Hoc Analysis of the FIDELITY Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Cardiology. 2026 Jun 3. PMID: 42234437.
Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Pitt B, Ruilope LM, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P, Nowack C, Schloemer P, Filippatos G. Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(23):2219-2229.
Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Bakris GL, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P, Nowack C, Schloemer P, Ruilope LM. Cardiovascular Events with Finerenone in Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(24):2252-2263.
Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, Anker SD, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P, Nowack C, Schloemer P, Ruilope LM, Bakris G. Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes with Finerenone in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: The FIDELITY Pooled Analysis. European Heart Journal. 2022;43(6):474-484.
Ndumele CE, Rangaswami J, Chow SL, Neeland IJ, Tuttle KR, Khan SS, Ning H, Kazi DS, Chirinos JA, Ayers CR, de Lemos JA, et al. Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148(20):1606-1635.