Introduction and Context
Anemia is a common and consequential complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to fatigue, reduced quality of life, and worse cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Since the original KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in CKD (2012), important new trial evidence and novel therapies (notably hypoxia‑inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, HIF‑PHIs) have changed the therapeutic landscape. The KDIGO 2026 guideline (Hedayati et al., Ann Intern Med. 2026) updates recommendations on diagnosis, iron management, use of erythropoiesis‑stimulating agents (ESAs), transfusion strategy, and the role and positioning of HIF‑PHIs.
Why update now? Three major developments drove the revision:
– New randomized trials clarifying risks of higher hemoglobin (Hb) targets using ESAs and the cardiovascular harms observed in earlier trials (CHOIR, TREAT) have remained influential in shaping safe Hb targets.
– Large hemodialysis iron trials (notably PIVOTAL) refined evidence about proactive intravenous (IV) iron dosing strategies and clinical outcomes.
– Introduction and proliferation of HIF‑PHIs with mixed safety signals and differing regulatory approvals prompted a need for guidance on their role relative to ESAs.
