Highlight
- Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs) significantly reduce time to computed tomography (CT) diagnosis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) compared to conventional emergency medical services (EMS).
- MSUs enable earlier administration of antihypertensive therapy, leading to quicker achievement of target systolic blood pressure (<160 mm Hg).
- 87% of ICH patients transported by MSU achieved blood pressure goals within 1 hour from symptom onset, compared to 60% in EMS-transported patients.
Study Background
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke characterized by bleeding within the brain parenchyma, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. Rapid diagnosis and early medical management, particularly blood pressure control, are critical to minimizing hematoma expansion and improving outcomes. Traditional emergency medical services (EMS) pathways can lead to delays in diagnostic imaging and treatment initiation because interventions typically begin only after arrival at the hospital emergency department (ED).
Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs) are ambulances equipped with on-board computed tomography (CT) scanners and staffed by specialized stroke teams capable of performing immediate imaging and initiating hyperacute interventions in the prehospital setting. While MSUs have demonstrated benefits in ischemic stroke through rapid thrombolysis, their clinical utility in ICH has been less studied. This study addresses a significant knowledge gap by comparing the efficiency of MSU versus conventional EMS in managing acute ICH patients.
Study Design
This retrospective cohort analysis evaluated patients with acute ICH triaged by either MSU or EMS between January 2018 and December 2022 at two high-volume tertiary stroke centers: the Cleveland Clinic (Ohio) and Stony Brook University (New York). To ensure temporal equivalence, only EMS patients presenting during MSU operational hours (08:00 to 20:00) were included.
The primary endpoints focused on critical time metrics reflecting hyperacute care: time from last known well to confirmed diagnosis by CT, time to antihypertensive medication administration, and time to achieving the goal systolic blood pressure (<160 mm Hg).
Patient baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and clinical severity, were recorded. Statistical analyses involved descriptive assessments and multivariable regression modeling of log-transformed time intervals, adjusting for potential confounders.
Key Findings
Out of 540 ICH cases screened, 218 patients transported via MSU and 192 via EMS met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Both groups were comparable in demographics with a mean age of 67 (MSU) and 68 (EMS) years, and a slight male predominance (54% vs. 50%).
- Time to Diagnosis: MSUs reduced the median time to CT diagnosis by 28% relative to EMS (β=0.72; 95% CI, 0.62–0.82; P<0.001). Since timely hemorrhage detection is integral to directing therapy and triage decisions, this represents a substantial improvement in the stroke care pathway.
- Antihypertensive Treatment: Antihypertensive agents were administered prehospital in 78% of MSU patients but were typically delayed until ED arrival in EMS-transported patients. Time to antihypertensive administration was reduced by 54% in the MSU group (β=0.46; 95% CI, 0.36–0.59; P<0.001), underscoring the advantage of prehospital treatment capability.
- Blood Pressure Control: Achieving target systolic blood pressure (<160 mm Hg) rapidly is pivotal to hemorrhage expansion mitigation. In this study, 87% of MSU patients reached this goal within 1 hour from last known well, versus only 60% of EMS patients (P<0.001), highlighting superior hyperacute blood pressure management by MSUs.
No safety concerns related to earlier antihypertensive administration or prehospital imaging were reported. The study, however, primarily assessed process endpoints; clinical outcomes such as functional status and mortality were not detailed.
Expert Commentary
The integration of MSUs represents a transformative strategy in acute stroke care, particularly for ICH where every minute counts. The ability to perform rapid on-scene CT imaging addresses one of the main challenges in prehospital stroke evaluation by differentiating hemorrhagic from ischemic strokes and ruling out stroke mimics.
Early blood pressure lowering is a recommended intervention to limit hematoma growth, yet conventional EMS systems do not routinely initiate this therapy due to diagnostic uncertainty and lack of imaging. The data showing a 54% reduction in time to antihypertensive treatment initiation corroborate the biological plausibility that prompt intervention could positively influence outcomes.
Nonetheless, certain limitations must be addressed. The retrospective design may introduce selection biases, and the study was conducted at two academic centers with established MSU programs, potentially limiting generalizability. Additionally, outcome data such as mortality or neurologic function were not reported, leaving the ultimate impact on patient prognosis undetermined.
Future research should evaluate long-term clinical outcomes and assess cost-effectiveness to guide broader implementation policies. Moreover, exploring MSU integration with other rapid response networks could optimize stroke care delivery on a system-wide scale.
Conclusion
This study provides compelling evidence that Mobile Stroke Units significantly improve hyperacute care timelines for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage by enabling earlier diagnosis and initiation of blood pressure management. MSUs facilitate a meaningful reduction in delays inherent to conventional EMS pathways, allowing more patients to achieve blood pressure targets critical for limiting hemorrhage progression within the first hour of symptom onset.
Adoption of MSU technology at stroke centers may represent a paradigm shift in acute hemorrhagic stroke management, with the potential to improve clinical outcomes through accelerated care. Further prospective studies examining functional recovery and mortality are warranted to substantiate these benefits and inform health policy decisions.
Funding and ClinicalTrials.gov
The referenced study was supported by institutional funding from Cleveland Clinic and Stony Brook University. No clinical trial registration was indicated in the provided abstract.
References
1. MacLeod C, Zhang A, Thompson N, et al. Mobile Stroke Units Enable Hyperacute Interventions for Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2026 Jul;57(7):1991-2000. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.42200292.
2. Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015 Jul;46(7):2032-60.
3. Wu TC, Willey JZ, Ghanem A, et al. Mobile stroke unit care and outcomes in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. Neurology. 2022 Apr 5;98(14):e1400-e1409.