Overview
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, or HFrEF, is a serious condition in which the heart’s pumping strength is weakened. People with HFrEF often experience shortness of breath, fatigue, exercise intolerance, and a higher risk of hospitalization and death. While many studies have focused on how the heart changes its energy use during failure, this new research highlights a different and important mechanism: abnormal ion handling inside heart cells. In particular, the study shows that the metabolic transcription factor SREBP1 can directly activate the gene encoding sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3, or NHE3, which then contributes to sodium and calcium overload, weaker contraction, and worsening heart failure.
Why This Study Matters
The heart depends on tightly controlled movement of ions such as sodium and calcium. These ions help trigger each heartbeat and allow the heart muscle to relax between beats. When ion balance is disturbed, the heart may contract poorly and become more vulnerable to failure. Until now, SREBP1 was mainly known for its role in regulating lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Its function in heart failure, especially in patients without diabetes or high blood lipids, was not well understood. This study fills that gap by showing that SREBP1 can directly drive a harmful ion-handling pathway in failing hearts.
What the Researchers Studied
The investigators examined heart tissue from patients with HFrEF caused by dilated cardiomyopathy, including individuals without diabetes or hyperlipidemia, as well as hearts from mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction, a common experimental model that creates pressure overload and mimics heart failure. They also generated genetically modified mice to test cause-and-effect relationships. One group overexpressed Srebp1a specifically in cardiomyocytes, the main muscle cells of the heart. Another group had Srebp1 knocked down in cardiomyocytes. In addition, the researchers used AAV9 gene delivery vectors with a cardiomyocyte-specific cTnT promoter to increase or reduce expression of Srebp1a or Slc9a3, the gene that encodes NHE3.
Key Findings
The study found that SREBP1 was activated in failing human hearts and in mouse hearts exposed to pressure overload. In the Srebp1a transgenic mice, the heart’s pumping function was impaired, even though there was no obvious buildup of lipids in the heart muscle. This suggests that SREBP1 can damage cardiac function through mechanisms beyond fat accumulation.
The researchers then identified NHE3 as a major downstream target of SREBP1. NHE3 expression was increased in Srebp1a transgenic mice, in pressure-overloaded mouse hearts, and in failing human hearts. Using ChIP-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and promoter reporter experiments, they showed that SREBP1 directly binds to and activates the promoter of Slc9a3, confirming a direct transcriptional regulatory relationship.
How NHE3 Affects the Heart
NHE3 is a sodium-hydrogen exchanger that moves sodium into cells in exchange for hydrogen ions. In the heart, increased NHE3 activity can raise intracellular sodium levels. That sodium overload can then indirectly disturb calcium balance, because sodium and calcium are linked through cellular transport systems. Excess calcium inside cardiomyocytes is especially harmful: it interferes with normal contraction and relaxation, promotes cellular stress, and contributes to weakening of the heart muscle.
In this study, cardiomyocytes from Srebp1a transgenic mice and from mice with pressure overload showed increased NHE3 activity. When Srebp1 was knocked down in pressure-overloaded mice, NHE3 activity fell. These data support the idea that SREBP1 acts upstream of NHE3 in the failing heart.
Effects on Calcium Handling and Contractility
One of the most important findings was that abnormal SREBP1-NHE3 signaling disrupted calcium handling in cardiomyocytes. Calcium handling refers to the controlled rise and fall of calcium levels inside heart cells during each beat. This process is essential for strong and coordinated contraction. When the researchers reduced Srebp1 or Slc9a3 in cardiomyocytes, calcium handling improved and cardiac function was better preserved in the TAC model.
In Srebp1a transgenic mice, knocking down NHE3 reduced sodium and calcium overload and rescued systolic dysfunction, meaning the heart’s ability to pump blood improved. Conversely, overexpressing NHE3 caused contractile problems in both normal mice and mice lacking Srebp1 in cardiomyocytes. This shows that NHE3 is not just associated with heart failure, but is a functional driver of the disease process.
Clinical Significance
This study is important because it expands the role of SREBP1 beyond metabolism and into the control of ion transport in heart disease. The findings suggest that heart failure progression can involve a direct link between stress-responsive gene regulation and electrical-mechanical dysfunction inside cardiomyocytes. For patients, this means that therapies aimed at reducing abnormal NHE3 activity, or blocking the harmful SREBP1-NHE3 signaling axis, may represent a future treatment strategy.
At present, standard HFrEF care still relies on guideline-directed medical therapy, including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, diuretics, and in selected patients, device therapy such as implantable defibrillators or cardiac resynchronization. This study does not replace those treatments, but it identifies a new biological pathway that may help explain why some hearts fail despite current therapy and may guide the development of next-generation drugs.
What Makes This Research Novel
The novelty of the work lies in showing that a metabolic transcription factor can directly regulate a sodium exchanger in the heart and thereby influence calcium overload and contractile failure. Previous thinking often separated metabolism from ion handling, but this study suggests the two are tightly connected during heart failure. It also shows that this mechanism occurs in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy even without common metabolic comorbidities such as diabetes or hyperlipidemia, making the findings broadly relevant to HFrEF biology.
Limitations and Future Directions
As with many translational studies, these findings need further confirmation before they can be applied clinically. The experiments were performed in human tissue samples and animal models, which are powerful but not identical to long-term human disease. It will be important to determine whether SREBP1 and NHE3 levels can serve as biomarkers of disease severity or treatment response. Future work should also test whether pharmacologic inhibition of NHE3, or selective modulation of SREBP1 activity in the heart, can safely improve outcomes without causing unwanted effects in other organs.
Another key question is whether this pathway is active in other forms of heart failure, such as ischemic cardiomyopathy or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Understanding how pressure overload, neurohormonal stress, and metabolic signaling converge on SREBP1 may reveal additional therapeutic entry points.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that SREBP1 directly activates cardiac NHE3 during the progression of HFrEF, leading to sodium and calcium overload, impaired calcium handling, reduced contractility, and worse heart failure. By uncovering a previously unrecognized role for SREBP1 in ion regulation, the research provides a new mechanistic framework for understanding heart failure and points toward a potentially novel treatment target.