Highlight
This observational study conducted over 19 years in New York City identifies key demographic and clinical characteristics of pregnant individuals with dangerously high blood lead levels (≥45 mcg/dL). The findings emphasize cultural practices and geographic origins as important factors linked to lead exposure, reveal adverse pregnancy outcomes including elevated miscarriage rates, and demonstrate potential benefits of early detection and specific chelation therapies in reducing newborn lead burden.
Study Background
Lead exposure remains a critical public health concern globally, especially during pregnancy due to its potential teratogenic effects and adverse developmental impact on fetuses. Maternal blood lead levels (BLLs) ≥45 mcg/dL represent a severe exposure level warranting prompt clinical intervention. Despite public health advances reducing widespread exposure, vulnerable populations—particularly immigrant communities—may continue to encounter occupational, environmental, or cultural sources of lead. Understanding the profiles and outcomes of these high-exposure cases is crucial to tailoring prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies in obstetric care and public health policy.
Study Design
This retrospective observational study included pregnant individuals residing in New York City from 2004 to 2023, identified with venous blood lead levels ≥45 mcg/dL during pregnancy. Data sources comprised BLL laboratory results linked with clinical case notes, detailed lead exposure risk assessments, and newborn outcome records. Descriptive statistics characterized maternal demographics, potential lead exposure sources, pregnancy outcomes including miscarriage rates, and neonatal parameters such as birth length and head circumference. Comparisons were made using World Health Organization (WHO) standards and stratified by trimester of maternal referral. Statistical significance was tested via Fisher’s exact and Z-tests. Information regarding chelation treatment—specifically use of calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaNa2EDTA)—and its impact on maternal and neonatal BLLs was also evaluated.
Key Findings
A total of 44 pregnant individuals with BLLs ≥45 mcg/dL were identified. The majority (77%) were foreign-born, notably 52% from Mexico and 25% from South Asia (primarily India). Key sources of lead varied by geographic origin: half of those from Mexico and the Caribbean reported pica behavior (the ingestion of non-food substances) contributing to lead exposure, while a remarkable 71% of individuals from India reported use of traditional remedies implicated as lead sources.
The miscarriage rate in this cohort was 9%, more than double the citywide average, reinforcing the heightened risk associated with elevated lead exposure during pregnancy. Birth measurements revealed that the prevalence of neonates with birth lengths and head circumferences below the 5th percentile was higher than expected, suggesting intrauterine growth impairment potentially linked to lead toxicity.
Importantly, earlier identification of elevated maternal BLLs correlated with improved neonatal lead outcomes—newborns had lower BLLs (≤10 mcg/dL) and were less frequently subjected to chelation therapy. Chelation with CaNa2EDTA in mothers was associated with significant reductions in neonatal BLLs, underscoring its therapeutic benefit. However, among newborns requiring chelation, it took approximately 27 months for their BLLs to decline below 5 mcg/dL, indicating prolonged lead burden and the need for extended monitoring.
Expert Commentary
The results highlight the importance of culturally contextualized risk assessment in pregnant individuals presenting with elevated BLLs. The evident link between pica behavior and traditional remedy use with lead exposure suggests that targeted education and community engagement are essential in high-risk immigrant populations. Early screening and referral during pregnancy confer measurable benefits, both reducing neonatal lead burden and mitigating adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Chelation therapy, especially with CaNa2EDTA, demonstrates clinical effectiveness but necessitates careful consideration regarding timing and monitoring due to the prolonged chelation course needed for newborns. The study broadens our understanding of lead poisoning’s clinical impact during pregnancy and underscores the necessity for multidisciplinary approaches combining obstetric care, toxicology, and public health interventions.
Limitations include the relatively small case number over a long period and the observational design, which limit generalizability and causal inference. Nevertheless, the findings call for updated guidelines ensuring earlier universal screening among susceptible populations and culturally sensitive lead exposure prevention.
Conclusion
Pregnant individuals with extremely elevated BLLs in New York City primarily originate from immigrant communities exhibiting cultural practices and behaviors—such as pica and traditional remedy use—that increase lead exposure risk. These high BLLs are associated with increased miscarriage risk and impaired neonatal growth. Early identification and treatment, including maternal chelation, can reduce neonatal lead levels and potentially improve outcomes. Public health policies addressing cultural and environmental lead sources, coupled with standardized screening protocols in pregnancy, are critical to mitigating lead-related maternal and neonatal morbidity.
Funding and Clinical Trials
The original study does not report funding sources or clinical trial registration numbers.
References
1. Trim A, Ehrlich J, Sedlar S. Blood Lead Levels ≥45 mcg/dL in Pregnancy: An Observational Study. BJOG. 2026 Apr;133(8):1652-1657. PMID: 41918451.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lead Poisoning Prevention. CDC; 2023.
3. World Health Organization. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, Weight-for-age, Weight-for-length, Weight-for-height and Body mass index-for-age. WHO; 2006.
4. Needleman HL. Lead poisoning. Annu Rev Med. 2004;55:209-222.
5. Kosnett MJ et al. Recommendations for Medical Management of Adult Lead Exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(3):463-471.