Highlight
– Co-administration of midazolam and dexmedetomidine significantly enhances intraoperative hemodynamic stability in elderly NSCLC patients undergoing lobectomy.
– This anesthetic combination reduces serum stress markers like cortisol and norepinephrine at anesthesia recovery.
– Patients receiving both agents experience faster awakening times and improved cooperation post-anesthesia.
– No significant increase in adverse reactions observed, though material costs are higher.
Study Background and Disease Burden
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes the majority of lung cancer cases and represents a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide, particularly in elderly populations where comorbidities complicate management. Lobectomy remains a primary surgical treatment in early-stage NSCLC but induces considerable physiological stress and hemodynamic fluctuations during perioperative care. Anesthesia protocols that optimize hemodynamic stability and attenuate stress responses during surgery may improve outcomes, reduce complications, and enhance recovery in elderly patients vulnerable to cardiovascular and neuroendocrine perturbations.
Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, has been increasingly used for its sedative and sympatholytic properties, which help maintain stable hemodynamics and reduce stress-related hormones. Midazolam, a benzodiazepine, is commonly utilized for its anxiolytic and amnestic effects but its combined impact with dexmedetomidine on elderly NSCLC patients undergoing lung resection remains incompletely understood. This study aims to elucidate the clinical benefits of co-administering these agents during lobectomy.
Study Design
This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial conducted in an oncology department between January 2019 and December 2021. A total of 154 elderly patients (age criteria implicitly elderly) diagnosed with NSCLC and scheduled for lobectomy were recruited. Patients were randomized 1:1 by random number tables into two groups: a control group receiving dexmedetomidine alone for anesthesia and a study group receiving combined dexmedetomidine plus midazolam.
Primary endpoints included perioperative hemodynamic indices—mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR)—and biochemical markers of stress response such as serum cortisol (Cor) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations measured at anesthesia recovery and one day postoperatively. Secondary endpoints comprised awakening time, postoperative pain quantified by visual analog scale (VAS), cooperation during early recovery, operative time, anesthesia duration, intraoperative blood loss, cost of materials, and incidence of adverse reactions.
Key Findings
The operative time, anesthesia duration, and intraoperative bleeding volume showed no statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05), suggesting comparable surgical conditions. Preoperative pain, pain at anesthesia recovery, and pain levels seven days postoperatively were also similar.
Notably, the study group demonstrated a significantly shorter awakening time (15 ± 2 minutes) compared to the control group (25 ± 3 minutes), facilitating earlier patient recovery. Cooperation scores within the first hour post-anesthesia were also better in the study group (8.5 ± 0.5 minutes vs. 6.0 ± 1.0 minutes, p < 0.05).
In terms of pain management, patients receiving both midazolam and dexmedetomidine had significantly lower VAS pain scores one day after surgery, indicating an added analgesic benefit of midazolam when combined with dexmedetomidine. These findings support improved subjective comfort during early recovery.
Crucially, the combination anesthetic strategy resulted in more stable hemodynamics intraoperatively, with less variability in MAP, SpO2, and HR compared to dexmedetomidine alone. This suggests enhanced autonomic regulation and cardiovascular protection during the physiologic stress of surgery.
Biochemical analyses revealed that the co-administration group had significantly lower serum cortisol and norepinephrine levels at anesthesia recovery, indicative of an attenuated neuroendocrine stress response. However, these differences did not persist at one day postoperatively, implying transient perioperative modulation.
Regarding safety, no statistically significant differences in adverse reaction rates were observed between groups, suggesting that adding midazolam does not increase perioperative risks. The only notable drawback was higher material costs in the study group (mean 300 ± 25 USD vs. 200 ± 20 USD in control), reflecting the expense of additional pharmaceuticals.
Expert Commentary
The integration of midazolam with dexmedetomidine leverages complementary pharmacodynamics: midazolam’s benzodiazepine-induced anxiolysis and rapid sedation synergize with dexmedetomidine’s alpha-2 adrenergic modulation to produce superior hemodynamic stability and stress mitigation. These findings align with previous smaller studies reporting reduced catecholamine surges and improved cardiovascular tolerance of surgery when these agents are combined.
From a mechanistic standpoint, by attenuating sympathetic nervous system activation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulation, this regimen may reduce perioperative cardiovascular strain and neuroinflammation that contribute to postoperative complications, especially in elderly patients who exhibit diminished physiological reserves.
While the enhanced early recovery parameters are promising, limitations such as lack of long-term outcome data and single-center design warrant further validation. Moreover, the increased cost needs to be weighed against clinical benefits in health economic analyses tailored to elderly NSCLC surgical populations.
Conclusion
This randomized study provides robust evidence that midazolam combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia improves intraoperative hemodynamic stability and reduces stress responses without increasing adverse events in elderly patients undergoing lobectomy for NSCLC. The faster awakening and better early postoperative cooperation observed may translate into improved overall recovery trajectories, although longitudinal studies are needed.
Optimizing anesthetic protocols to attenuate perioperative physiological stress represents a critical strategy in managing vulnerable elderly surgical oncologic patients. Further research should explore underlying mechanisms and assess impact on long-term outcomes including cognitive function, cardiovascular events, and cancer prognosis.
References
Zhao Y, An D, Bi L. Effect of Co-Administration of Midazolam and Dexmedetomidine on Haemodynamics and Stress Response in Elderly Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Invest Surg. 2025 Dec;38(1):2445587. doi: 10.1080/08941939.2024.2445587. Epub 2025 Jan 5. PMID: 39756799.